2007, volume 12, special issue
CLINOTRON - 50
Kirichenko A. Ya., Yakovenko V. M.
5-13
The paper outlines the results on both creation of vacuum broad-bend oscillators in millimeter wavelength range of electromagnetic spectrum and study of increasing effect of energy-exchange between electron stream and slow wave when inclining the stream with respect to a surface of periodic structure. These works were started at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, in 1956. Resonant influence of these studies upon the works, carried out at other institutes on developed other types of oscillators, has been pointed out. Peculiarities of electromagnetic radiation exciting at grazing incidence of electron stream not only on a surface of periodic structures but also on smooth and rough surfaces at excitation of transition radiation are underlined. The work presents both characteristics of the developed clinotrons and results of small-batch production of them, which provided for radiophysical investigation and development of electronic and radioengineering technology.
CLINOTRON AS AN OBJECT OF REMINISCENCES
Kornienko Yu. V.
14-20
THE BEGINNINGS OF CLINOTRON
Churilova S. A.
21
THE INCLINED ELECTRON JET (CATHODE RAY) AND SURFACE WAVE INTERACTION (CLINOTRON THEORY)
Kontorovich V. M., Maleev V. Ya.
22-34
THEORY OF THE CLINOTRON
Vavriv D. M.
35-47
A review of theoretical results on the development of a self-consistent nonlinear theory of the clinotron is presented. A mathematical model of the clinotron is described, conditions of the self excitation of oscillations and the steady-state mode of oscillations are considered by taking into account space charge and temperature effects. Potentials of the clinotron for the further increase of the operating frequency and the output power are analyzed.
ÎN THE MOTION OF ELECTRON BEAM IN THE HF-FIELD OF KLYNOTRON SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE
Kornienko Yu. V., Masalov D. S.
48-53
In order to explore the energy exchange between an electron beam and the HF-field in a klynotron an analysis is made of an originally homogeneous electron beam motion in the longitudinal electric field of a slow electromagnetic wave where an amplitude grows exponentially along the electron trajectory. A comparison is made of the solutions found numerically and analytically by the perturbation method in terms of a small amplitude at the sixth approximation. An error of the approximate solution is shown to be insignificant at small transit angle values, and dramatically increases starting with its certain value. The “klynotron effect” is briefly discussed.
OPTIMIZATION OF PHASE WAVE VELOCITY IN A MILLIMETER WAVE INCLINED ELECTRON FLOW OROTRON
Yeryomka V. D., Kurayev A. A., Sinitsyn A. K.
54-58
The results from mathematical simulation and
optimization of orotron parameters with regular and irregular periods of a
“ñomb”-type reflecting diffraction grating are described. The developed technique
for optimizing the law of changing the “comb” period in terms of the atomic
function apparatus is described. To improve the efficiency of energy exchange between
the electron flow and the electromagnetic field of an open resonator a
“klynotron effect” is employed. It is shown that at angles 
of the electron flow
inclination to a “comb” operating surface under the optimized law of changing
its period the orotron electron efficiency runs up to 70%. Whereas at 
the maximum efficiency
does not exceed 50%.
ELECTRON INTERACTION WITH TRANSVERSAL AND LONGITUDINAL COMPONENTS OF THE HIGH FREQUENCY FIELD IN A KLYNOTRON TYPE OSCILLATOR
Mil’cho M. V.
59-70
A new physical model of the electrons interaction with the HF field close to the surface of the slow wave structure is investigated theoretically with regard to the real HF field distribution. It is demonstrated that the electron interaction with the transversal electrical field induces the selective settling of the electrons on the comb lamellas, and the power is then taken away from the modulated electron flow in the comb slot resonators. The near-perfect electron synchronism with a spatial harmonic wave, which is observed experimentally, is explained. The possibility of the klynotron operation with large transit phase angles is demonstrated.
MULTIWAVE RESONANCE CLINOTRON OF MILLIMETER RANGE
Yefimov B. P.
71-80
The description of physical principles for a design of vacuum continuous electromagnetic sources radiating UHF energy simultaneously on several frequencies in millimeter wave range is presented in this paper. The problems of oscillator-load matching, output power level and frequency control, dispersive dependence calculations, the application of resonance effect in periodic structures and also electron beam focusing in no homogeneous magnetic field are discussed. There are frequency characteristics and output parameters of devices.
INCLINED-ELECTRON FLOW FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER
Yeryomka V. D.
81-103
In recent year greater interest has been shown in the terahertz range, and this is clearly evidenced by an ever-growing amount of scientific publications dedicated to that particular issue. The present paper is concerned with the possibilities to use the frequency multiplication principles in designing the vacuum electromagnetic radiation sources featured by an inclined electron flow in the short-wave bands including the terahertz range. The paper outlines the results from simulation and experimental studies of millimeter-wave frequency multipliers, particularly, multiplier klynotrons, multiplier orotrons and multiplier orbotrns that offer great frequency multiplier factors k f = 15, The findings of the experimental investigations into the millimeter-wave frequency multiplier are described in which the electrodynamics system serving as a prismatic “comb-type” periodic-structure resonator is a power take-off cascade. The electrodynamics system was triggered at higher-mode oscillations. It is shown that the power take - off cascade can be operated over a frequency range far exceeding an octave, which provides for the frequency conversion factor of over 10. Energy and frequency characteristics of the frequency multiplier are given. It was experimentally confirmed that circuitry devices construction described above hold a good deal of promise in terms of developing the electromagnetic radiation source whose frequency is tunable in the terahertz range.
CURRENTLESS OPERATING OF A CLYNOTRON FREQUENCY WITH OBLIQUE PERIODIC SYSTEM
Solodovnik V. A.
104-108
Features of a new way of management by frequency of self-oscillations of klynotron with the help of the special electrode located in space of interaction of an electronic stream with fields of periodic structure are investigated. Prominent feature of this way is fast management of frequency of a target signal without appreciable expenses of capacity in a circuit of management. It is proved, that as slowing down system such way should use flat slanting periodic structures. The opportunity of management by a steepness of modulation characteristics is shown.
STOHASTIC OSCILLATOR ON BWT-CLINOTRON FOR HIDEN COMUNICATION SYSTEMS, ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURE AND RADIOMASKING IN MILLIMETER RANGE
B. P. Yefimov
109-116
The experimental results of different ways of an excitation of noise radiation in BWT-Clinotron in mm range are described in this paper. The electrical regimes and characteristics of noise radiation depending on several parameters of oscillating system are given. There is comparative analysis of spectral characteristics of developed devices in millimeter wave range.
THE ORTOCLINOTRON EFFECT
Kirichenko A. Ya.
117- 121
A possibility of increasing the efficiency of the surface wave excitation by a band electron beam is demonstrated in the experiment. The beam consists of electrons moving along helical trajectories and the effect is achieved by introducing the beam at an angle to the high frequency electric vector within the plane of the slow-wave structure (the ortoclinotron effect).
DISPERSION ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURES ON BASIS OF GENERALIZED SCATTERING MATRIX METHOD
Êirilenko À. À., Senkevich S. L., Steshenko S. O.
122-129
Full-wave models for dispersion analysis of three-dimensional periodic slow-wave structures with use of data about S-matrixes of single elements are built. The latter are obtained on basis of generalized mode matching technique with prior search of the complete waveguide bases for separate fragments of a slow-wave structure. Characteristics of the algorithms are investigated, and examples of calculation of comb structures used in klynotrons are given.
ELECTRODYNAMICS OF A POWER OUTPUT UNIT IN THE CLINOTRON
Pishko O. F., Chumak V. G, Churilova S. A.
130-133
Numerical simulation has been applied to analyze electrodynamics characteristics of a power output unit in a clinotron generator. Parameters of the scattering matrix have been calculated for a model internal (vacuum) part of the clinotron, with the results compared with experimental data.